Characterizing surface-confined interfacial water at graphene surface by in situ Raman spectroscopy

Water plays an essential role on material surfaces. Representative two-dimensional graphene possesses unique mechanical and electrical properties. Based on the properties of water and graphene, a series of applications have been developed, such as graphene as a carrier in water-related electrocatalytic reactions, water movement, and evaporation on graphene surfaces to generate power. A clear understanding of the behavior of the water-graphene interface under an electric field is necessary for developing fundamental concepts and practical applications in catalysis and energy-science communities.